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目 录 摘要···············································································1 内容来自www.paper51.com 关键词·············································································1 内容来自www.paper51.com 1.前言·············································································1 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.实验设计与改进应遵循的原则·······················································1 copyright paper51.com
2.1 坚持“以学生为主体, 教师为主导”的原则·······································1 copyright paper51.com 2.2 合作性原则···································································1 http://www.paper51.com 2.3 开放性原则···································································1 copyright paper51.com
2.4 科学性原则···································································1 http://www.paper51.com 2.5 直观性原则···································································1 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.6 简约性原则···································································2 copyright paper51.com
2.7 安全性原则···································································2 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.8 绿色化原则···································································2 paper51.com
2.9 生活化原则···································································2 http://www.paper51.com 3.实验设计与改进的策略和方法·······················································2 copyright paper51.com
3.1 简约化设计策略·······························································2 copyright paper51.com 3.2 常规实验装置的改进策略·······················································2 copyright paper51.com 3.3 正交实验设计策略·····························································2 http://www.paper51.com 3.4 因地制宜的实验设计策略·······················································2 copyright paper51.com 3.5 微型化实验设计策略···························································2 http://www.paper51.com 4.实验设计与改进的案例分析·························································2 paper51.com 4.1 新教材中“ 铁跟水蒸气反应” 科学探究内容介绍·································3 copyright paper51.com
4.2 教材中所给实验装置说明·······················································3 http://www.paper51.com 4.3教材中所给实验装置的缺陷······················································3 copyright paper51.com 4.4 实验改进的思考过程···························································4 copyright paper51.com 4.5 改进实验的步骤与装置·························································4 http://www.paper51.com
4.5.1 实验改进一······························································4 paper51.com 4.5.2 实验改进二······························································4 http://www.paper51.com 4.5.3实验改进三······························································5 内容来自www.paper51.com
4.5.3.1 方案一······························································5 http://www.paper51.com 4.5.3.2方案二·······························································6 内容来自www.paper51.com 4.5.3.3方案三······························································7 http://www.paper51.com 4.6 归纳·········································································8 内容来自www.paper51.com
4.6.1 从水蒸气的长生分析·······················································8 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
4.6.2从铁粉与水蒸气反应分析···················································8 copyright paper51.com 4.6.3从反应产物的检验分析·····················································8 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 5.总结·············································································9 copyright paper51.com 致谢···············································································9 http://www.paper51.com 参考文献···········································································9 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
英文摘要···········································································1 内容来自www.paper51.com 摘要：化学实验是培养、提高学生素质和创新思维的必经之路。本文将采用文献法、归纳法等来阐述化学实验设计和改进的原则，探讨设计和改进化学实验的策略以及针对铁与水蒸气反应的实验进行探究，以达到优化实验的效果。 内容来自www.paper51.com 关键词：高中化学 实验改进 实验设计 铁 水蒸气 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 1.前言 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 化学学科的一个重要特点就是以实验为基础。高中化学实验有利于提高化学教学质量；有利于全面落实科学素养的培养 [1] ；有利于提高学生的创新合作精神；有利于培养学生的安全和环保意识。因此，在新编高中化学教材中十分的重视实验部分。新编高中化学教材中的实验部分与旧教材相比有了很大的变动[2]，主要表现为探究化（许多实验以科学探究的形式出现）、生活化、微型化、绿色化等。因此，对教材中的科学探究进行重新设计和改进是很有必要的。 内容来自www.paper51.com 2.实验设计与改进应遵循的原则 copyright paper51.com 2.1 坚持“以学生为主体, 教师为主导”的原则。新课标下,化学实验体现出探究性和创造性，实验要求学生自己能够提出问题,并通过运用已有知识进行探究,最终得出结论,从而培养学生的综合能力。也就是教师要尽量地给学生创设情境,充分发挥学生能动作用，只有这样才能很好的提高教学质量。 内容来自www.paper51.com 2.2 合作性原则。在科学探究活动中，教师创设情景，对班上同学进行分组，通过学生小组进行实验探究，有利于培养学生的合作精神。 http://www.paper51.com
2.3 开放性原则。化学是一门以实验为基础的自然科学学科，渗透到社会生产生活的各领域，这就要求在进行实验探究时既要充分利用日常生活中的知识，也要重视环境保护、污染防治，全方位考虑。 http://www.paper51.com 2.4 科学性原则。要准确把握实验原理，科学的设计实验方案以及实验装置。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.5 直观性原则。对教材中那些现象不够明显或现象观察存在缺陷的实验进行设计和改进时，就应在实验的直观性上下功夫，使实验现象更明显，从而易以观察[3]。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.6 简约性原则。简约性就是用最常见的实验仪器和化学药品以及最简单实验装置来完成实验。 copyright paper51.com 2.7 安全性原则。要特别注意培养学生的安全和环保意识[4]。 http://www.paper51.com 2.8 绿色化原则。新课程改革后化学学科特别重视化学的绿色化。化学实验的绿色化就是对于有毒、有害化学物质尽量不使用，对于化学实验所产生过的气体及废液，要进行处理后再排放。 copyright paper51.com 2.9 生活化原则。化学的生活化就是指在对实验设计与改进过程中尽可能的从身边寻找可替代的化学药品和仪器。这样不仅可以解决实验药品和仪器缺乏不能进行实验的难题，而且有利于提高学生学习化学的兴趣。 copyright paper51.com |