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玉 溪 师 范 学 院 paper51.com copyright paper51.com 本 科 毕 业 论 文
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http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 桑地亚哥的性格分析 内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com 姓名 陆春东
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com paper51.com 指导教师姓名： 邵 红 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 职 称： 讲 师 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com单 位： 外国语学院 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com专 业 名 称 ： 英 语 教 育 copyright paper51.com paper51.com申请学位级别： 学 士
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http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 学位授予单位： 某某师范学院 copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.compaper51.com 二○一一年四月
copyright paper51.com paper51.compaper51.com http://www.paper51.com paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com The Character Analysis of Santiago
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com A Thesis Submitted as a
copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comB.A. in English
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http://www.paper51.com SCHOOLOF FOREIGN LANGUAGES http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comYUXI NORMAL UNIVERSITY
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com April,2011 http://www.paper51.com paper51.com Statement of Authorship 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Except where reference is madein the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhereor extracted in whole or part from a thesis presented by me for another degreeor diploma.
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copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Acknowledgements
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com There are a number of people to whom this dissertation andits author owe a great deal over a long period of time. 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comProfessor Shao Hong, my supervisor, spares no time andenergy, out of her heavy load of office work, teaching and researchcommitments, to provide substantial guidance on my career as well as on thisdissertation. I still feel sorry that she had to read through the first draft onthe Spring Festival holiday. During the preparation of this paper, the detailedadvice and constant help from her have been both academically authoritative andgenerous. I also wish to take this opportunity here to thank her for opening upbefore me a world of wonders in English literature and a world of surprises inliterary criticism. 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com
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copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Abstract
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com
paper51.com We all know that among Hemingway’s books, paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com This thesis is intended to analyze the characters of Santiago in 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Key words: life experience; confidence;courage; endurance; never-say-die http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comhttp://www.paper51.com
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paper51.com
http://www.paper51.com 摘要 copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com
paper51.com 在海明威的所有作品中，《老人与海》是最著名的一部。他凭借该小说获得了1954年的诺贝尔文学奖。在该小说中，海明威阐述了人如何独自迎接挑战与斗争、以极大的决心和勇气面对失败、“在压力下优雅地生存”等深刻主题。不仅成就了桑提亚哥文学史上的“硬汉”形象，而且也使海明威成为文学史上的英雄。
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com本文通过老人生活的不同时期从自信坚定、坚忍不拔、从不放弃等方面探索《老人与海》中桑提亚哥的人物形象。通过对桑提亚哥这一人物形象的分析，我们获得不少启示：在残酷的社会现实和命运中，人应该勇敢地面对一切痛苦和磨难，并同一切痛苦和磨难进行斗争，热爱生活，珍惜生命。我们还应该懂得人生的意义既不在于“成功”，也不在于“失败”，而在于我们与命运抗争的过程。 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com
paper51.com 关键词：生活经历；自信；勇气；坚忍不拔；永不言弃
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copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com copyright paper51.com Contents
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copyright paper51.com Statement ofAuthorship..........................................................................…………………...i paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comAcknowledgements.............................................................................……………………….ii paper51.com paper51.com Abstract...................................................................................................................................ⅲ
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 摘要..........................................................................................................................................ⅳ 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com1．Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com2. The Literature Review.........................................................................................................1 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 2.1 The SocialBackground......................................................................................................1 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 2.2 Hemingway’s LifeExperience...........................................................................................3
copyright paper51.com paper51.com 3. The Character Analysis of Santiago...................................................................................4 paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com3.1 The Character of the Young Santiago................................................................................4 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 3.2 The Old Man’s First 84 Days
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com ─theOld Bad Lucky Man...................................................5 paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 3.3 Catching the Fish................................................................................................................6
内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com 4. The Heroic Santiago…………………………………………………………………….....8
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................9 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comReferences................................................................................................................................11
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paper51.com 1. Introduction
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comIf we want to make a novel clearly, we should know the characters ofroles in the novel. So in this thesis firstly some backgrounds of Hemingway andhis life experience are introduced so that we can make the analysis of Santiago’s characters ina clear way. Because in some aspects Santiago’scharacters are the reflection of Hemingway’s and the social backgrounds justmake Hemingway’s characters.
内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comJustas Hemingway [Net] said, “A man can fail, but can’tbe defeated. External flesh canaccept sufferings, but inherent will is sacred.” And this is repeatedly stressedby The Old Man and the Sea. Realmasters can use the simplest words to express the most profound truth, and allgood works are always coming from real life experience. Just as paper51.com
paper51.com 2. The Literature Review
copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 2.1 The Social Background 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comTheCivil War made the United States a great development in industry, population,technology and agriculture. With the influence of the Civil War Americanpolitics, economy and culture were growing and developing rapidly. As theresult of the Civil War, American capitalism was also rising and developingrapidly and there was also an economic boom, which produced a sense of optimismand hope among Americans. A large amount of Americans had a belief that therewould be more opportunities to humans and the future seemed so great andbright. We all know that each coin has two sides, so the rapid development ofeconomy and the formation of monopolies by big interest groups pushed America intoimperialist stage. Various kinds of social problems emerged: poverty, classstruggle, etc. The Americans were not as hopeful as before and they were theLost Generation, as the writer Gertrude Stein called, whose dream was destroyedby wars. copyright paper51.com paper51.comThenwhen the twentieth century came, a series of wars broke out. Especially theFirst World War and the Second World War had a great impact on people’s life. Thewars brought violence, destruction, blood and death. The material progress andthe advance of civilization that the Americans used to take pride in weretotally destroyed also with their dream. As the result of World War I, manytraditional religious beliefs lost their believers. Just like what Hemingway describedin his novel The Sun Also Rises thatthe young Americans’ dreams were destroyed by World War I. Under this changedsituation, the main goals of the artists were to find out new beliefs andcreate innovative forms to cheer the people who lived in sufferings up.
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Thewhole world of the United States had experienced a social changedramatically and the order of American society was destroyed and the industrialdepression did harm to economies of some big cities. For instance, with theoversupply of goods the rate of unemployment went up surprisingly and due to thepoor harvest farmers lost their own land. And all this led to the Crash of theStock Market in 1929, which was the beginning of the Great Economic Depressionin the 1930s in the United States. With the crisis of politicalcorruptions, racial tension, the changed moral codes and values, and the growthof radical labor force made Americaa cold, indifferent and turbulent society. And these made the life of Americanbecame a nightmare of poverty and absolute misery. They became the Lost Generation.Their dreams were destroyed and they did not have any religious belief. So in this period all American lost in aspiritual crisis. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com2.2 Hemingway's Life Experience 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comHemingwaysaid, “For a true writer, each book should be a new beginning where he triesagain for something that is beyond attainment. He should always try forsomething that has never been done or that others have tried and failed. Thensometimes, with great luck, he will succeed.”(Carlos Baker, 1956: 293) As hesaid he created one after another lively characters. From here we can see that almost allHemingway’s works reflect his own personality. Whether the subject wasbullfighting, big-game hunting, or the battle for Madrid, Hemingway was actually writing abouthimself. The main heroes are very familiar to us just because Hemingway createdthem not from imagination but from his real life.
copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Justas Hemingway created Santiago from his experiencesof deep-sea fishing, after the First World War Hemingwaymoved to Cubaand he met the old fisher man Gregory Fuentesi. In 1930, when Ernest Hemingway’s boat sankin the storm, Fuentesi delivered Ernest Hemingway. From then on, Hemingway and Fuentesi forged a deep friendship, and oftenfished together. In 1936, Fuentesi went out far and caught a big fish, but thefish was so big that he dragged in the sea for a long time. As sharks attackedthe big fish, he just came back with only one skeleton. And Hemingway’s ownexperiences brought about The Old Man andthe Sea. He once wrote in an article in TheNew York Times, “I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea andreal sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”(TaoJie, 1992: 26) 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comHemingwaydidn’t begin to write it into the story until 16 years later. He wanted to makethe story real and the readers can experience the fighting from the novel. Hethought that the fighting between the old man and the fish exhausted butencouraged the old man, but at the time when he first heard the story he wasnot sure of what he had discovered from it. His life then was filled withinjuries and cruelty and his perception of the world was totally pessimistic. Soit was impossible for him to adapt his experience and feeling to the optimistictone conveyed in the story. A letter to one of his friend in 1951 said he evendared not touch the story. 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.compaper51.com 3. The Character Analysis of Santiago 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 3.1 The Character of the Young Santiago
paper51.com paper51.com Frommaterials we know that “The old man named Santiago, people knew nothing abouthis early age, just knew that he had a wrist-breaking game with a strong blackman in Casablanca. The two sides of them insisted for a whole day with noresult. Later, people who involved made an idea that they are in peace. But theold man was unwilling to receiving the result that they were in peace, and hestill covered with all his strength to fight with the black man. At last the blackman was forced into submission, and the black man’s hand was on the table.”(WuRan, 2004: 185) Just as Hemingway said: “He decided that he could beat anyone if hewanted to badly enough and he decided that it was bad for his right hand forfishing.”(Hemingway, 2002:78) So as Hemingway said the old man used his spiritsof insistence and endurance to win his game. From his early life we can see clearly that even if he had astrong rival but he never gave up. Andhe had a strong belief that he can win. Since the young old man won the race ofbreaking the wrist, he had a strong faith to live. And if he wanted he woulddefeat everyone. His insistence and endurance made him insist on struggling forhis life in the future, and his early characters made the foundation of the oldman’s heroic spirits. So the old man could fight with marlin and the sharks forso many days.
内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com 3.2 The Old Man’s First 84 Days
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com ─theOld Bad Lucky Man
copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Theold fisher man was alone with no wife and children. “He had gone eighty-fourdays without taking a fish. In thefirst forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish,the boy’s parents had told the boy that the old man was now definitely andfinally salao, which his worst form of unlucky and the boy had gone at theirorders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.”(Li Yong, 2006:1) So the old man went to fish with nohelper. The days went to the 84th day the old man also had noting inhis hand but he was not giving up. From the description of Hemingway we cansee: “The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of hisneck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from itsreflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran well thedeep-creased scars from handing heavy fish on cords. But none of these scarswere fresh. They were old as erosions in a fishless desert.” (Hemingway, 1963:4) paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com “Everythingabout him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea andwere cheerful and undefeated.”(p6) From his eyes we can see: man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed butnot defeated. Herewe can see clearly that even the old man failed but in his eyes we can find hehad never given up and he had strong belief with his life. Because he had neverbeen defeated in his heart and he also had cheerful spirits to fight in his futurelife. And in his eyes we can see the hope of success and he would succeedsomeday in the future, he was failed but not defeated. So he took his cheerful andbrave heart and decided to go “far out” to fish early at the 85thday. He believed that “Eighty-five is a lucky number.”(p16) The failure and thebad luck were permanent for others, but it seemed that the old man didn’t carewhat he had in his bad days and there were no bad influences to him. He alwaysbelieved that he would have good luck in his further life. “But are you strongenough now for a truly big fish” the boy asked. The old man answered: “I thinkso, and there are many tricks”.(Hemingway, 2002:8)From the old man’s words we can see he had enough courage and confidence toface up with new challenges in his unknown future. With this kind ofencouragement he gave himself, he decided to go out to fish again. From theseplots in the novel we can find either the description of the old man or the decisionof the old man is so cheerful and hopeful. So we can firmly say that the oldman failed but not defeated, he never confesses that he would give up hisrights to fight in his life. copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 3.3 Catching the Fish
paper51.com paper51.comWithhis confidence and endurance, at the 85th day the old man got thefavor of destiny: a big marlin appeared. And Santiago exemplified the man of action by hiscourage and strength through all the process of killing the marlin. “The marlinused its unmatched strength and speed and good fighting space to struggle withthe old man. The old man relied on his endurance, good skills, accurate calculationand his confident wisdom and strong will to fight with the marlin. Santiago’s attitudetowards the marlin was full of fighting spirit and full of compassion andrespect. But in the confrontation, Santiagowas also exited and full of passion.”(YangDaliang, Shao Ling, Yuan Jianlan, 2007: 18) 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Inthe content we can find that “The fish made a surge that pulled him down on hisface and made a cut below his eyes.”(p72) He suffered so much as “the blood randown his cheek a little way” (p72), but the old man said that: “It’s not badand pain does not matter to a man”.(Hemingway, 2002:96) Here we can find thateven the old man was injured but he is a real man and he had not given up. Aswe know, if the old man cut the lines and setthe fish free, he would get free from that dangerous situation. If the old mandid like that he would fail. Theold man was too strong in his mind to overcome the readers’ thoughts; the oldman didn’t do like that and he even didn’t think of it. “Fish,” he said softly,“I will stay with you until I am dead.”(p72) He thought: “It’s not bad and paindoes not matter to a man”. (p122) And now we can find that the old man is areal man to get his goal, even he lost his life for the goal. The worldbelonged to those who were strong and brave, so the old man must did all he canto live in his world. “Fish,” he said, “I love you and respect you very much. ButI will kill you dead before this day ends”. (Hemingway, 2002:57) Even thoughthe fish was extraordinary, he also decided to kill the marlin. He decided tomake killing the fish as his goal and he struggled with it for all his effortsto reach his goal. He wanted to prove himself to be a strong and brave old manin his world. “The fight between the old man and the marlin gives us such thoughts:the most important thing is the majestic and exciting fight itself, but not theresult which to die.”(Xu Baogeng, 1990: 12) Just as Santiago said, he would fightto an end—he dead or the marlin dead. Because the old man had a belief that hecould die, but not defeated, and he used his actions to prove himself a hero. 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comAlsothe old man’s courage, braveness and strength we can find in his struggle withsharks in his returning journey. Groups of sharks came to attack the fish ofthe old man. The sharks were dangerousfish which “built to feed on all the fishes in the sea, that were so fast andstrong and well armed that they had no other enemy”.(p146) The sharks were sostrong and dangerous. But the old man had no fear at all and had the courage tofight with sharks for his gains. Just as he said, “Man is not made for defeat.A man can be destroyed but not defeated”. (p150) He made his mind that “I willfight until I die.”(p168) It shows not only the old man’s confidence,persistence and courage, but also shows the novel’s theme, which encourages thereaders to face up with adversity bravely. With his heroic spirit the old man wentback to the bank. The old man fights for his goal from the beginning to theend, but he failed. We all would think that the story would come to an end, butfrom the former words we get that the old man was not defeated, next challengecomes, the old man will make all his efforts courage to fight again. The oldman is failed, but not dead or defeated; even he died for his goal, he was alsonot defeated.
http://www.paper51.com paper51.com copyright paper51.com 4. The HeroicSantiago paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com FromThe Old Man and the Sea, we can getthat the old man failed to get the fish to the bank totally. When he went backto the bank there was just the skeleton of the fish left. Why didn’t Hemingwaymake the old man to a final winner? We can use the words that the old man saidin the novel: “Man is not made for defeat; aman can be destroyed but not defeated”. (p150) And this is the theme that 内容来自www.paper51.com Humanity is intrepid and human itself has its own limits. Justthe humans as Santiagochallenge the limits again and again. So that the limits expand again and again,more and more difficulties come to us. In this sense, the hero like Santiago, regardless ofwhether they challenge limit is success or failure, is worth being respected. Hebrings us the noblest humanity—self-confidence. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Life is anendless pursuit. It is tough and long, also filled with difficulties. But ifyou have a brave and confident heart to face up with challenges, he would be areal winner. copyright paper51.com paper51.comNever-say-die,this is what The Old Man and the Seatells us. And this spirit makes Santiagoa hero.
http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com 5. Conclusion
内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comFrom all above we can geta conclusion that the old man is a tough and unyielded man. He is never givingup when he faces up with sufferings and troubles in his life. Just as WangZhigang prints: “the character of tough and unyielding is the spirit ofunbeatable, unbreakable and indomitable. And the person who have strong willand long-suffering but not to yield, and they are able to decadence withoutdepression, specific thing and not dogged. They would succeed. These peoplehave more pioneering spirit and they are not afraid of failures. So thesepeople are always standing the world successfully.”(Wang Zhigang, 2001: 203) So with Wang Zhigang’swords we can say that just because Santiago’scharacters make him a hero. And also with Santiago’s“code hero” make Earnest Hemingway a host of Nobel Prize in literature. So herewe can know that the old man became a hero not occasionally but due to his characters.Not only is the old man a hero but also Hemingway. His experience made him ahero, so that in his articles his roles are always heroes. Man should havestrong will to struggle in sufferings and challenge the limits of life, alsoman should learn to never say die. Then you will be a real hero, whether you succeedor fail, because you have already won the battle with you efforts. Hemingwayhad said that: “I was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactlyand directly that it became part of the readers’ experience.”(Zhai Junxiang,2001: 108) So Hemingway also wanted us to be heroes of ourselves. In our society,we would meet problems at any time. So when we meet problems we must beconfident and brave to face up the problems, then we can overcome the problems.Even we do not succeed, but we can be a hero for ourselves. We have taken allefforts to face up with our sufferings, and we do not regret. We can be failedbut not defeated, we never give up, and we have confidence and courage to makeus heroes.
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copyright paper51.com References 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com
paper51.com Carlos, Baker. Hemingway:The Writer as Artist [M]. Princeton, N.J.1956, 293.
copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Ernest Hemingway, 1963, The Old Man and the Sea [M]. 北京:北京商务印书馆, 4 (The further materialsused in this book will be marked pages only. ). paper51.com copyright paper51.comErnst Hemingway, 2002.6, The Old Man and the Sea [M]. 李永译，新疆大学出版社, 1,8. http://www.paper51.com paper51.comTao Jie, 1992, Hemingway’s Art [M]. Beijing:World Publishing Corporation, 26.
内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 吴然, 2004, 《硬汉海明威作品与人生的演绎》[M]. 昆仑出版社， 185。
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 王志刚，2001,9, 《性格决定命运》[M]. 金城出版社, 203。
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 徐葆耕, 1990, 《西方文学—心灵的历史》[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社, 12。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 杨大亮，邵玲，袁健兰著，2007.11, 内容来自www.paper51.com 翟俊祥，2001.4, Famous Americans in History[M].上海外语教育出版社, 108。 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Net, 张潇予，A Man Can BeDestroyed but not Defeated
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