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http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com 浅析弥尔顿《哀失明》的风格变化及其意义
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copyright paper51.com An Analysis of the Changes of Style and Their Significance ofMilton’s “On His Blindness” copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com
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内容来自www.paper51.com A Thesis Submitted as a 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.comPartial Fulfillment for the Degree of paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comB.A. in English copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com
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paper51.com Exceptwhere reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains nomaterial published elsewhere or extracted in whole or part from a thesispresented by me for another degree or diploma. http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comNoother person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main textof the thesis. copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.comThisthesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma inany tertiary institution.
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内容来自www.paper51.com paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Acknowledgments copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comhttp://www.paper51.com I wish to express mydeepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor, ProfessorZhang Liqiong, for all the help sheoffered me during the thesis writing. Without her gracious guidance, invaluablesuggestions, insightful criticisms and constant encouragement, the thesis wouldnever be possible. Honestly, no word can fully express my gratitude to thisrespectable and righteous supervisor.
http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Second, special thanksshould also go to all the teachers in our department. They have been giving mecontinual encouragement and guidance. To them I owe not only the present paperbut also what I have learned from them. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com copyright paper51.comI am grateful to my roommates.Their friendship and kindness will always be a precious part in the process ofmy thesis writing. They not only gave mesome encouragements, but also helped me to revise the paper. copyright paper51.com paper51.com My special thanks should also go to workers in thelibrary, as I get a lot of materials from the library in my preparation of thispaper. paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Last but not the least, I want to express mysincere thanks to my family for the support, kindness, encouragement, andunderstanding they have given me for many years.
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paper51.com Abstractcopyright paper51.com John Milton is consideredas the greatest English poet after Shakespeare by many scholars. He createdmany famous poems in his life, and the epic poem “Paradise Lost” is hisbest known one. But among his sonnets, “On His Blindness” is most well-known. Thepoem was written in 1652 when Miltonbecame completely blind. It is a poem that wins universal praise. This paperattempts to analyze thepoem “On His Blindness” from the perspective of the changes of the style and theirsignificance. The thesis firstintroduces some general knowledge about the poet and the poem. Then it analyzesthe changes of style in sentence structure, sentence type and sound. That is, thestructure of the first sentence is more complicated than the second one; thefirst part is a periodic sentence and the second is a loose sentence; and thereare more long vowels and diphthongs in the first part than that in the secondpart. Those changes signify that the poet’s emotion changed from complexity tocalmness after his blindness. paper51.com paper51.com
paper51.com copyright paper51.com Key words: John Milton; change; style; significance paper51.com paper51.com 摘 要
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内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 许多学者认为约翰·弥尔顿是继莎士比亚之后英国最伟大的诗人。弥尔顿一生创作了大量的诗作。长篇史诗《失乐园》是其最出名的作品。但在他所创作的十四行诗中，《哀失明》是其中较为出名的一篇。此诗写于1652年，即弥尔顿失明的那一年。这是一首脍炙人口的好诗。本文拟从风格变化及其意义这个角度来分析此诗。首先介绍诗人以及这首诗的一些相关知识，接着从句子结构，句式以及音长三个方面对其风格变化展开分析，风格变化主要表现在诗的第一句句子结构比第二句的复杂；第一句的句式是圆周句，而第二句是松散句；诗的第一部分比第二部分运用了更多的长元音和双元音。这些变化都体现了诗人失明后情绪从矛盾复杂到归于平静的变化。 copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com
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http://www.paper51.com 关键词：弥尔顿；变化；风格；意义
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copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Contents 内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comStatement of Authorship· i copyright paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comAcknowledgments· ii
copyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Abstract iii
copyright paper51.com paper51.com 摘 要···· iv
paper51.com copyright paper51.comⅠ. Introduction· 1 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com A.Research Background· 1 http://www.paper51.com paper51.com B.Aims and Significance of the Study· 1 paper51.com copyright paper51.comC.Life of John Milton· 1 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com D.John Milton’s Works and Characteristics of His Poems· 2
paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com E.The poem·· 4
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Ⅱ. Analysis on the Change of the Poem’s Style· 4
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com A.Background of “On His Blindness”· 4 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.comB.Change of the Poem’s Style· 5 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com 1. Change of Sentence Structure· 5 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com2. Change of Sentence Type· 7
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com3. Change of Sound· 8 http://www.paper51.com paper51.com Ⅲ. Significance of Those Changes· 8 内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.comA.Significance of Sentence Structure Change· 8
copyright paper51.com paper51.comB.Significance of Sentence Type Change· 9
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comC.Significance of Sound Change· 10
paper51.com paper51.com Ⅳ. Conclusion· 11
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Notes· 13
paper51.com copyright paper51.comReferences· 14 http://www.paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comcopyright paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Ⅰ.Introduction内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com A. Research BackgroundJohn Milton was a greatpoet in English literature history. Many scholars have studied his works. Thepoems that most scholars have studied are epic poem “Paradise Lost” and “SamsonAgonistes”. In terms of his sonnets, the one that has been studied most is “OnHis Deceased Wife”. Also a lot of scholars have studied “On His Blindness”. Someof them focus on the level of language use. ⑴Someinterpret it on the relationship between phonemes and style.⑵Others analyze it on thefunctional stylistic. ⑶But few of them have paid much attention to its changesof style and analyzed significance of those changes systematically. So thepaper will appreciate the poem from this respect.
copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com B. Aims and Significance of theStudyThe paper is planned to analyze the changes ofstyle of the poem “On His Blindness”. It will focus on the change of sentencestructure, sentence type and sound, and significance of those changes.
内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com The understanding toliterature works will not be confined to one point, just as it is said bypeople that there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes. Differentreaders will have different understanding on the poem. The paper will provide adifferent perspective for readers to understand and enjoy the poem. http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com C. Life of John MiltonJohnMilton（1608-1674） was born in London on December 9, 1608, nine years after the deathof Spenser, and eight years before Shakespeare was to die. He was tutoredprivately and then educated at St. Paul’s Schooland Christ’s College, Cambridge University. He was saidto be the best in the university. He won his B.A. in 1629 and his M.A. in 1632 in Cambridge. His father had intended him forthe ministry; however, Miltondid not stay on to be a Fellow of Christ’s College, because to qualify himselffor that position, he had to be ordained minister of the Established Church ofEngland. Thus he left Cambridgeto retreat to his father’s country house at Horton. His several works such as “Comus”and “Lycidas” were written there. paper51.com ButMilton was soontired of this quiet country life. He longed to see more of the world, and at last,with money which his father gave him, he began to travel through France, Switzerland,and Italy.While he was in Italy, newscame that trouble had sprung up in England between the king and thepeople, and that the war might break out. He went back to England. On his return to London, Miltongave all his energy to the writing of pamphlets dedicated to the people’sliberties. Early in 1644, Miltonhad already begun to notice his failing sight. By 1650, his left eye had becomecompletely blind, and the doctors warned that he must give up reading orwriting to prolong the use of the right eye. But he ignored it. In 1652, Milton became completelyblind. Probably in this year, he wrote the sonnet “On His Blindness” JohnMilton had written many poems through his life. His works fall into threeperiods. ⑷The works of his first period (1625-1631) include “L’Allegro” (1631),“Il Penseroso” (163), “Comus” (1634) and “Lycidas” (1637). The first two werewritten when he was in Cambridge.In the second period (1640-1660), he mainly wrote pamphlets. His main works ofthis time are “Of Reformation in England and the Causes thatHitherto Hindered it” (1641), “Defence of the English People” (1651) and “SecondDefence of the English People” (1654). Also during this period, Milton wrote most of hissonnets. Sonnet ⅪⅩ “On His Blindness” (1652) and Sonnet ⅩⅩⅢ “On His Deceased Wife” (1658), his two well-known sonnets, werewritten at this time. The third period (1660-1674) is a time of his epicwriting. His masterpieces “Paradise Lost” (1667), “Paradise Regained” (1671) and“Samson Agonistes” (1671) are epic pomes. Among all the pomes, “Paradise Lost”won him the greatest honor. copyright paper51.com Milton is a difficult poet to read, and it is probably for three reasons. Firstly,he has a way of compacting abundant ideas in long, almost endless sentences. Andthe sentences are filled with clauses and phrases, which are clauses withinclauses. The long sentences are punctuated often with semi-colons and colons inan unusual way. ⑸For example, in the poem “On His Blindness”, thereis a long adverbial clause which contains several other clauses. And threesemi-colons are used. Secondly, there are a lot of inversions in his poetry. ⑹ Alsotake “On His Blindness” for instance, in the third line of the poem “And thatone talent which is death to hide”, “which is death to hide” is inverted. Thenormal sentence structure is “to hide which is death”. Thirdly, he used manyallusions in his poetry. ⑺Once again take “On His Blindness” for example. Inthe poem, “talent” is an allusion taken from the Bible. Readers in Chinaare rare familiar with the Bible, therefore it is difficult for them tounderstand it. Besides the Bible, there are a lot of cultural backgrounds thatreaders can not apprehend, such as Greek mythology. These are the main reasons thatwhy Milton’spoetry is difficult to read. http://www.paper51.com E. The poemWhen I considerhow my light is spent paper51.com Ere half mydays, in this dark world and wide, copyright paper51.com And that onetalent which is death to hide, copyright paper51.com Lodged with meuseless, though my soul more bent http://www.paper51.com To servetherewith my Maker, and present paper51.com My true account,lest he returning chide; 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com “Doth God exactday-labour, light denied?” 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com I fondly ask;but Patience to prevent 内容来自www.paper51.com That murmur,soon replies, “God doth not need 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Either man’swork or his own gifts; who best copyright paper51.com Bear his mildyoke, they serve him best. His state 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Is kingly. Thousandsat his biding speed 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com And post o’erland and ocean without rest: 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com They also servewho only stand and wait.” 内容来自www.paper51.com
paper51.com Ⅱ. Analysis on the Change of the Poem’s Style
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com A. Background of “On His Blindness” “Iam willing to lose my sight for liberty.” Miltononce said. He was a defender of English liberty. In July 1639, Miltonwas back in London from the Continent tourbecause war probably would break out in England. After returning to London, he threw himselfinto the fight for liberty of English. He wrote many pamphlets for defending Englishliberty. By 1650, his left eye had become blind, but he still wrote “SecondDefence of the English People” in 1651 with only right eye. And because ofoverwork in writing the pamphlet, Miltonbecame completely blind in 1652. It was also the year when his wife Mary andhis only son John died. He was very depressed and complained that his Maker wasunfair to him. He was a poet but he was blind. What could he do? The battle forEnglish people’s liberty did not win. What could he do? So he wrote thewell-known sonnet “On His Blindness”.
paper51.com copyright paper51.com B. Change of the Poem’s Style 1. Change of Sentence Structure
paper51.com Fromthe point of sentence structure, the poem is well-knit. There are in total two sentencesin the poem, and the second one can be divided into three small sentences. First,let us analyze the first one. It is as following: 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com When I considerhow my light is spent paper51.com Ere half mydays, in this dark world and wide, paper51.com And that onetalent which is death to hide, http://www.paper51.com Lodged with meuseless, though my soul more bent copyright paper51.com To servetherewith my Maker, and present paper51.com My true account,lest he returning chide; 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com “Doth God exactday-labour, light denied?” 内容来自www.paper51.com Ifondly ask;
http://www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.com Thislong sentence is a complex sentence which consists of a principle clause and anadverbial clause. The principle clause is “I fondly ask”. Line 7 in quotation marks is the question that isasked, and therefore the object of “ask”. And the adverbial clause is the first6 lines from “When I consider how my light is spent…” to “lest he returningchide.” It is quite complicated. It includes two objective clauses, they are “howmy light is spent ere half my days in this dark world and wide,” and “(how)that one talent which is death to hide, … lest he returning chide.” Whatis more complicated is that the second objective clause is composed of anattributive clause and two adverbial clauses. The attributive clause is “whichis death to hide lodged with me useless”. This clause is inverted. The normalstructure is “which death is to hide (is) lodged with me useless”. And the two adverbialclauses, one is adverbial clause of concession “though my soul more bent…” and the other isadverbial clause of purpose “lest he returning chide”. We can see from aboveanalysis that the sentence is really complex. It has clauses within clauses. copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.comNowplease look at the second part of the poem, it is as following:
copyright paper51.com paper51.comButPatience to prevent copyright paper51.com Thatmurmur, soon replies, “God doth not need 内容来自www.paper51.com Either man’swork or his own gifts; who best http://www.paper51.com Bear hismild yoke, they serve him best. His state paper51.com Is kingly.Thousands at his biding speed 内容来自www.paper51.com And post o’erland and ocean without rest: http://www.paper51.com They alsoserve who only stand and wait.” 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com In this sentence, the main clause is “Patiencereplies”. The lines in quotation marks are objective of the verb “replies”. Thereare three small sentences in the quotation marks. They are much easier than theones in the first part. The shortest sentence “His state is kingly.” is asimple one. It has only four words. And the first sentence is “God doth not needeither man’s work or his own gifts; who best bear his mild yoke, they serve himbest”. It is a whole sentence grammatically, but separates in meaning. Thesecond one is inverted and the normal structure is: “They who best bear hismild yoke serve him best.” And “who best bear his mild yoke” is an attributiveclause to modify “they”. Here, the semi-colon is equal to conjunction “and”. Thelast sentence is “Thousand at his biding speed and post o’er land and oceanwithout rest: they also serve who only stand and wait”. This one is also asentence grammatically but separates in meaning. The second sentence after thecolon is also inverted. The normal sentence structure is: “They who only standand wait also serve.” The colon here can be comprehended as a period. Therefore,there are five small sentences in the second part in terms of meaning. They aresimpler than the first part no matter in structure or in meaning. It makes acontrast between the two parts in terms of complexity in sentence structure. http://www.paper51.com 2. Change of Sentence Type
内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Actually, the poem can be viewed as aquestion and a reply. The poet uses period sentence for the question and loosesentence for the reply. Themeaning of a loose sentence can be easily understood in the very beginning ofthe sentence. The first sentence begins with a verylong adverbial clause led by “when”, and several clauses are contained in it. Readerscannot understand what the poet wants to express until they read to the end ofthe sentence because the poet puts the most important information at the end. However,the second one has already told readers what happens at the beginning. It makesreaders understand the meaning of the sentence when they read the firstsentence, and then the poet adds more details to the main clause and thus makesreaders to understand the meaning better. The sentence types that used in thepoem also make a contrast in terms of meaning understanding. copyright paper51.com 3. Change of Soundhttp://www.paper51.com Thispaper is also going to analyze change on using phoneme which leads to variedsounds. “Phoneme is the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctivein a particular language”. ⑻ “In literature, especially in poetry, many writerswould consider the relationship between phoneme and poetry’s meaning when theychoose words”. ⑼ In “On His Blindness”, the poet also considers therelationship. In the first part, the poet uses a profusion of diphthongs andlong vowels. There are as many as 34 diphthongs and long vowels in that part,23 diphthongs and 11 long vowels. Among them, the diphthongs [ai] appear 13 times and [ei] 4 times. Long vowels [3:] and [B:] appear 3 times respectively. What else is worthy to notice is thatin the seventh line, the poet uses two repeated diphthongs and five plosiveconsonants. Furthermore, there is no sound linking in the sentence in quotationmarks. paper51.com In the second part, the number ofdiphthongs and long vowels is reduced. Just 13 diphthongs are used, it hasreduced almost a half. Comparing with the first part, the rhythm of the secondpart is faster. copyright paper51.com 内容来自www.paper51.com Ⅲ.Significance of Those Changespaper51.com A. Significance of Sentence Structure ChangeIn English, speakers canchoose different sentence structures to arrange what they want to say as theylike. But in literature, especially in poetry, the choice of sentence structureis important for the poet to convey their purpose. In the poem “On HisBlindness”, there are just two sentences. But the two sentences’ structures arequite different. The first one is much more complicated than the second one asit was discussed before. It is well-known that Milton had written the poem after he wasblind. The complexity of the first sentence sets off the complexity of the poet’sinner world. Miltonwas a devotional Puritan through his life. But he couldn’t help doubting Godwhen he was blind. He wrote “Doth God exact day-labour, light denied.” Thus itcan be seen how ambivalent he was that time. When Milton devoted himself to liberty of Englishpeople, God deprived light from him. Miltonlost his sight at the age of 44, which are almost the best years for a man. He thinkshe could not bring into play his talent any more. Complaints and thoughts ofinjustice are filled in his mind. So he asks stupidly that if God wants him towork, but does not give him light.
内容来自www.paper51.com http://www.paper51.comBut Patience replies that silly question. In thereply, the sentence structure is less complicated. The simplifying of the sentencestructure gives readers the impression that the poet calmed down and tried to persuadehimself that God treats everyone alike. “God doth not need either man’s work orhis own gifts; that best bear his mild yoke, they serve him best”. Then if heobeys God, he is also serving God. The change of the sentence structure fromcomplex to simple indicates the poet’s change of thought. copyright paper51.com B. Significance of Sentence Type ChangeAnother change has been discussed is sentence type. The firstsentence is a periodic sentence. “A periodic sentence is a sentence that themain idea which is the climax and emphasis of the sentence is put to the end”. ⑽Accomplished by the use ofparallel phrases or clauses at the opening, or by the use of a succession ofdependent clauses as modifiers preceding the independent clause, the periodicsentence unfolds gradually, so that the thought contained in the sentence showsitself in full only at the end of the sentence. The rhetorical effects ofperiodic sentence are making suspense, attracting readers’ interest andemphasizing the main idea. At the beginning of the periodic sentence, the poetuses a very long adverbial clause to keep readers in suspense. Not until readto the end, can readers understand the meaning of the sentence. It reflects thepoet’s terror to future. It was the time that the poet became blind for a shorttime; he did not know what he could do in his rest of life. When readers readthe sentence, they can feel the same as if they were the poet. http://www.paper51.com In contrast, the second sentenceis a loose sentence. A loose sentence is a type of sentence in which the mainidea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases andclauses ⑾. It does not emphasize anypart of the sentence. The meaning of a loose sentence can be easily understoodin the very beginning of the sentence. The rhetorical effects of loose sentenceare relaxing, natural and smooth. The conjunction “but” makes the contrastnaturally. Readers do not have any suspense in this sentence. It signifies thatthe poet changes his attitude towards his blindness. He overcomes the terror tofuture. The second part gives readers the feeling that the poet is in atranquil mood. His attitude is very different from that in the first part. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com C. Significance of Sound ChangeThe last change has been analyzed is phoneme. Theuse of a number of diphthongs, long vowels and plosive consonants in the firstpart slows down the poem’s rhythm, and it helps the poet to express hissuffering and resentment after blindness. Those sounds pronounce together,making a peculiar sound effect which sounds like the poet is shouting in painand wants to yell out his dissatisfaction and anger. There are two repeateddiphthongs and five plosive consonants in “day-labour, light denied”, and theycannot be sounded linking. The combination of sound and meaning expresses poet’scomplaint fully. 内容来自www.paper51.com The reduction of number in diphthongs and longvowels and increasing use in short vowels make the rhythm of the second partfaster. It makes readers feel relaxed and not so depressed in some degree. Afterthinking, the poet knows that he should not blame fate or other people anymore, but face it and try to overcome it with courage. The change of soundsignifies that the poet almost accepts the fate and is ready to face thereality. http://www.paper51.com In a word, all of those changes in form servethe contents. None of the change is at random. No matter how the poem changesin style, it is for the sake of expressing idea of the poem. http://www.paper51.com
paper51.com Ⅳ. Conclusion 内容来自www.paper51.com John Milton is one of the most well-known poets in the 17thcentury. He is a poet and also a defender of liberty. “On His Blindness” is oneof his most famous sonnets. The poem was written to express the poet’s feelingafter blinding. The thesis analyzes the poem from the perspective of itschanges of style and the significance those changes. In terms of the changes ofstyle, the thesis presents them from three aspects: sentence structure,sentence type and sound. These changes are as following: the structure of thefirst sentence is much more complicated than the second one; the first part isa periodic sentence and the second one is a loose sentence; and more longvowels and diphthongs are used in the first part than that in the second part. Thosechanges show the poet’s changes of his emotions and thoughts when he wasgradually facing his blindness. The poem was written more than three hundredyears ago, but it attracts more and more readers with its well-knit structure, wonderfullanguage, deep meaning and sincere emotion. http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com
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paper51.com Liu Runqing, Wenxu, 2006. Linguistics:A New Course Book. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
内容来自www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com Lu Peixian, 1990. AStudent’s Edition of Milton (M). Beijing:The Commercial Press. 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com陈维红，2009，弥尔顿两首十四行诗的功能文体对比分析，《阴山学刊》，第22卷第一期。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com李陆萍，2004，英语松散句和掉尾句，《新余高专学报》，第9卷第3期。 copyright paper51.com copyright paper51.com 李正栓，吴晓梅，2004，《英美诗歌教程》。北京：清华大学出版社。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com paper51.com李永海，甲鲁海，2010，《英美文学辅导全书》。济南：山东人民出版社。 http://www.paper51.com paper51.com 石卫华，2004，从音位学与文体关系的角度解读弥尔顿诗歌《失明》，《咸宁学院学报》，第24卷第5期。 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com 内容来自论文无忧网 www.paper51.com徐广联，2005，《大学英语语法》。上海：华东理工大学出版社。 http://www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com颜学军，1999，《失明抒怀》语言层面分析，《中山大学学报从论》，第一期。 内容来自www.paper51.com copyright paper51.com张伯香，2005，《英国文学教程》。武汉：武汉大学出版社。
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